Airlines have cancelled and rerouted flights over South Asia after India struck a series of sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
Gulf carriers Emirates, Etihad and Qatar were among those to halt flights from Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Doha to airports in northern India and Pakistan, which has closed all airspace.
Etihad said it had rerouted planes mid-flight. IndiGo and SpiceJet also issued warnings.
“Airports in parts of northern India, including Dharamshala, Leh, Jammu, Srinagar and Amritsar, are closed until further notice,” SpiceJet said early on Wednesday morning.
Emirates has cancelled flights between Dubai and destinations including Sialkot, Lahore, Islamabad and Peshawar.
“Customers on cancelled flights must not proceed to the airport in Pakistan. Flights to/from Karachi are not impacted and will be operating as per schedule,” a statement read.
Etihad said: “As a result of the closure of Pakistani airspace, Etihad Airways flights – EY284 (Abu Dhabi to Lahore), EY296 (Abu Dhabi to Karachi), and EY302 (Abu Dhabi to Islamabad) – which were en route to Pakistan on 6 May, have returned to Abu Dhabi.”
The airline said that Karachi to Abu Dhabi, Lahore to Abu Dhabi and Islamabad to Abu Dhabi were suspended.
Also affected was flydubai, with some of the budget airline's flights suspended or diverted earlier on Wednesday. Flights to Karachi continued to operate and other routes were starting to resume services.
"Flydubai flights to Karachi on May 7 are operating to schedule and we have also resumed our operations to Faisalabad, Lahore, Multan and Sialkot," said a representative.
"We continue to monitor the situation closely and the safety of our passengers and crew is our priority. We apologise for the inconvenience caused to our passengers’ travel schedules."
UAE-based Air Arabia also had to make changes to schedules as a result of the conflict.
"Air Arabia has cancelled flights to and from Pakistan from both Sharjah and Abu Dhabi due to the closure of certain airports in Pakistan," said a representative.
"We advise all passengers to check the status of their flights before proceeding to the airport, either by visiting our official website or contacting our call centre. We regret any inconvenience caused, as the safety of our passengers and crew remains our top priority."
Costly conflict
Continued fighting between the nations would be bad news for the air industry, warned one expert.
"Prolonged skirmishes between the two countries simply means that they'll be treated as too risky and flights from non-Indian and Pakistani airlines will diminish quite rapidly," said Saj Ahmad, chief analyst at StrategicAero Research.
"In the short term, the obvious risk to airlines that operate to both countries means cancellations, uncertainty and short term costs in terms of refunds and aircraft and crew out of place. Depending on how Pakistan responds and of course if India counters, this sadly could be a protracted tit for tat type event as both posture for favourable media and political coverage."
The cost, to India's airline industry in particular, could be significant, added Mr Ahmad.
"India has a lot more to lose, given that it has more airlines that use Pakistani airspace. We're already seeing fuel stops by Indian airlines," he said. "How long can they absorb those sorts of costs given how poorly run many Indian airlines are already?"
The raising of the stakes between India and Pakistan will also have significant repercussions for the GCC region, he warned.
"GCC airlines have a huge footprint in both nations and they'll be keen to ensure clarity for operations so that don't position airplanes and staff for flights which then get cancelled," said Mr Ahmad. "While these are popular countries for GCC expats to travel to, they traditionally are high volume and lower yield. In addition, any prolonged skirmishes between the two countries simply means that they'll be treated as too risky and flights from non-Indian and Pakistani airlines will diminish quite rapidly."
One potential effect could be more people using the UAE as a hub for connecting flights, if India and Pakistan were out of bounds, suggested Mr Ahmad.
"Many travellers will simply avoid flying Indian or Pakistani airlines and instead opt to fly to hubs like Dubai and continue their European or North American flights that way and reduce the risk of their flights being cancelled," he said.
Taiwan's EVA Air said that it will adjust its flights to and from Europe to avoid airspace affected by fighting between India and Pakistan for safety reasons.
One flight from Vienna will be diverted back to that city, while a flight from Taipei to Milan will be diverted to Vienna for refuelling before continuing on to its destination.
Korean Air said it had began rerouting its Seoul Incheon–Dubai flights on Wednesday, opting for a southern route that passes over Myanmar, Bangladesh, and India, instead of the previous path through Pakistani airspace.
Thai Airways said that flights to destinations in Europe and South Asia would be rerouted starting early Wednesday morning, warning this could cause delays to some flights.
The website of Taiwan's main international airport at Taoyuan, outside Taipei, showed that Wednesday's China Airlines non-stop flight to London had been cancelled.
